• Relations of production; social relations formed in the course of the production of material goods, including ownership of the means of production, the status of the people and their mutual relations in the course of production, and the form of product distribution; of all these it is ownership of the means of production that plays the deciding role; also 社会生产关系.

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• 1. The productive force; the ability acquired by the working people in combination with the means of production to conquer and transform nature. Man is the decisive factor in the productive force, the most active and most revolutionary element in production. The level of development of the productive force marks the degree of man's conquest of nature.
• 2. productivity

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• Simple commodity production; a commercial production on the basis of ownership of the means of production and individual labor, aiming at exchanging and selling goods; also 小商品生产.

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• Originally the value of labor in consumer products produced by the laborers in their materials production; the laborers produce the new products, which are the combination of labor and means of production; labor combined with production goods.

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• The means of production; the sum total of capital goods and the supply of labor, which is a necessary material condition for the production of material goods; also 生产手段.

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