• The earliest form of society in the history of mankind, in which productivity was extremely low. The means of production were publicly-owned, people worked and consumed together and were free from any exploitation. During the early stages, people made a living by gathering wild fruit and going hunting and useing stone implements. Later, agriculture and animal husbandry appeared.

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• It's recorded in Zuozhuan that Liancheng and Guanzhi were sent to guard Kuiqiu and since it's maturity time of melons, they decided to have them taken over when the melons were also mature again in the next year. Then "瓜代" is used to mean to take over one's duty when his tenure is due.

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• An archaic term for a school run by the local authority (different from "私学"). For example, 太学 and 国子监 were the official schools of the royal court and 府学, 州学, and 县学 were official schools of local authorities of different levels.

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• The examination that was held by city governments during the Tang and Song Dynasties was called "Jieshi". People who won the first prize were called "Jieyuan". The examination that was held in the capital city during the Ming and Qing Dynasties was called "Xiangshi". People who won first prize were also called "Jieyuan".

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• A pattern of bookbinding in ancient China originating in the Song Dynasty. The written pages were folded against each other and the edges were stuck with glue or paste. The book was opened like the wings of a butterfly, and was therefore named this way.

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